Cannabis smoking
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Cannabis smoking is the process of inhaling the vapors released by combusting cannabis. Most frequently the flowering buds of the cannabis plant, or hashish, a preparation of the trichomes of the cannabis plant, are used. Cannabis is consumed to produce a feeling of euphoria, for medical reasons (such as to relieve stress or suppress nausea), or in pursuit of creativity (LEAP = long-term episodic associative performance memory). During this process, the main psychoactive chemical in cannabis, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), is absorbed into the bloodstream through the lungs. It is then transported to the brain, where it binds to cannabinoid receptors, a type of protein cell in the brain. The cannabinoid receptors receive the THC, setting off a chain reaction that leads to the feeling of a mental "high". It has also been found that heating of cannabis results in the production of additional THC from the decarboxylation of the non-psychoactive Δ9-tetrahydrocanabinoid acid (THCa)[1].
While cannabis can be consumed orally, the bioavailability characteristics and effects of this method are starkly different. The effect takes much longer to begin, is typically longer-lasting, and can sometimes result in a more powerful psychoactive effect.[citation needed] For these reasons, the great majority of consumed cannabis is smoked. [1]
Cannabis can be smoked in a variety of ways, including the use of pipe-like implements, such as bowls and bongs, or by rolling it into a cigar-like "blunt" or cigarette-like "joint."[2]. These methods differ by the preparation of the cannabis plant before use, the parts of the cannabis plant used, and the treatment of the smoke before inhalation. Due to the popularity of smoking cannabis, several slang terms have developed, many of which are only relevant to select social smoking groups.
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[edit] Smoking implements
[edit] Pipes
Smoking pipes, often called bowls, can be made of blown glass, wood, ceramic, stone, or metal. To avoid inhalation of undesirable vapors, certain reactive metals, such as aluminum, are typically not used to make smoking pipes. When speaking about a specific pipe, the term "bowl," "cone piece" or "crater" (the narrowest) often refers to the indentation where cannabis is to be combusted.
Blown-glass pipes are usually intricately and colorfully designed, and can contain materials that change color or become more vivid with repeated use. Such pipes usually have a hole which is covered with a finger during inhalation, and then uncovered to clear the pipe of smoke and cool the burning cannabis. Slang names for this hole include: rush, choke, carb (short for carburetor), shotgun, and shotty.
[edit] Single-toke utensil
Pipes are often assembled with various metal fittings that screw together, with interchangeable, frequently decorative parts. Metal pipes may get hot, because metal is a good conductor of heat; this is avoided by having a crater-diameter narrow enough to maintain low burning temperature, which also protects against wasting THC.
The most convenient metal part for pipe-making is a quarter-inch (or 6 or 6.5 mm.) socket wrench, with a screen in the hex end, a quarter-inch diameter, foot-long drawtube pushed into the square (driver) end, and tape wrapped around the outside to seal the air leak. A barbed brass hose nipple may be used if it has a 1/4"/6-mm. crater diameter; the long drawtube is pushed airtightly over the barbed end of the hose nipple. (If the smoke can be seen floating through the drawtube, it is a sign that one is drawing slow enough to achieve low burning temperature.)
Nesting a wire screen snugly in the crater (about 3/16"/5 mm. deep) protects against drawing herb particles down the channel, and permits a small serving (25 mg.) of sifted herb to group together compactly and burn slowly while a practiced user sucks slowly through the drawtube.
Cannabis users with a preference for miniature pipes claim that the "high" is more intense than from other smoking methods, because controlling the temperature assures obtaining more THC per amount of herb used[citation needed]. Tobacco pipes are usually too wide for cannabis use.
[edit] Bong
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A bong is a water-pipe by which the cannabis smoke is filtered through water into a chamber, enabling smoking techniques that are not possible with a smoking pipe. Users will often fill the bong with cold water or ice in order to help cool the smoke before inhaling it. In addition, non-carbonated alcoholic beverages, such as wine or liquor, are occasionally employed as a filtering liquid on the belief that it will make the smoke "milder", although alcohol absorbs THC, reducing the intake of THC.
Hand-blown glass bongs often employ the same decorative features as glass-blown smoking pipes.
A variation of the bong concept, known as a gravity bong, employs a vacuum created by water suction to fill the chamber, rather than relying on the user's lungs. In this method, the vessel is open on the bottom and is partially immersed in water prior to lighting the cannabis. When the cannabis is lit, the vessel is lifted, creating a pressure differential between the inside of the vessel and the outer air, and causing air and the resulting smoke to rush into the vessel. The bowl is then removed and the vessel lowered while the user inhales from the same opening where the smoke entered. This method has several variations and aliases, including waterfall bongs, bucket bongs, depth charges, torpedoes, and bucky.[2]
[edit] Vaporizers
Since the delivery of THC occurs through heating rather than combustion, it is possible to "smoke" small servings of sifted cannabis without ever igniting the herb, through the use of a "vaporizer." This is suggested to maximize consumption of active cannabinoids without the harmful and irritating effects of the actual smoke.[3] A vaporizer heats herbal cannabis to 365–410 °F (185–210 °C), which turns the active ingredients into gas without burning the plant material (the boiling point of THC is 392 °F (200 °C) at 0.02 mm Hg pressure, and somewhat higher at standard atmospheric pressure).[citation needed]
At least one study has shown that using a vaporizer results in less tar and carbon monoxide inhalation than smoking the same amount of cannabis[3].[citation needed]
[edit] E-cigarette
This product, shaped like a cigar or cigarette, contains a rechargeable battery and a heating element which, when a user draws on the mouthpiece end, vaporizes (in most brands) liquid nicotine from an insertable cartridge. Smokers on websites report success in eliminating a cigarette smoking habit. Liquid THC, if legalized, could be loaded into the cartridges instead of nicotine, providing cannabis users with benefits similar to a vaporizer at lower initial price.
[edit] "Spots"
An alternative method, known variously as spots, spotting, dots, hot knives, or blades, is to compress a small amount of cannabis between two heated metal blades and inhale the resulting vapors.[4] In order to facilitate this process, a spottle (also referred to as a bowser or hooter)[citation needed] is used to capture the smoke and maximize the amount of smoke inhaled. Although not a popular or well-known practice in some parts of the world, the spots method of consuming cannabis is quite common in New Zealand.[5]
[edit] Smoking with fruit
Fruit, including apples, can be used as a smoking device by sticking a sharp, round object into the fruit at three different points, which roughly form a triangle, and intersect near the middle of the fruit-forming a more natural smoking device. One hole, corresponding to the bowl, is placed at the top of the fruit. Another hole, the mouthpiece, is made in the upper front side of the fruit. The third hole, the carburetor, is placed in the middle part of the side opposite the mouthpiece. The bowl can be made by widening the top-most hole to the desired size and inserting a screen, or by simply using a glass or metal bowl made for a bong. This method of smoking not only adds a hint of flavor, but makes for an easily disposable and replaceable smoking device.[4]
[edit] Homemade
Many cannabis users, either because they do not own or cannot afford a real piece, or simply didn't have it on them at the time, opt to build homemade smoking devices. Some of these include: Steamrollers, Tinnies, and Waterbottle bongs. Another advantage of these objects is their ease of disposability. The piece can just be crushed or dismantled and thrown away, or saved for later use as the different pieces of the devices that require assembly are not conspicuous alone.
[edit] Steamroller
A Steam Roller (sometimes called a shotgun, or Stanley Steamer)is a type of pipe that can be home-made or manufactured like any other glass bowl or bong. the parts usually comprise of a short or long hollow tube, a bowl either fitted on top or built into the steam roller. the name may come from the fact that the pipe often resembles a steam roller, or perhaps the fact that the smoke often spirals through the pipe while filling and clearing.
To operate the Steam Roller, the user puts the marijuana in the bowl of the pipe, his/her mouth in or over one end of the pipe and their hand over the other. The user lights the cannabis and hits as usual, then removes their hand from the back of the pipe. This is basically the same thing as a carb, but bigger. Steam rollers are some of the biggest air pieces and not as common as bowls or bongs. Often steam rollers are constructed out of clear glass instead of colored glass to show the smoke shooting into the smokers mouth.
[edit] Tinny
A Tinny(a.k.a. tinnie) pipe, is another homemade smoking pipe made entirely out of aluminum foil. The name comes from 'Tin Foil', which is what many people call aluminum foil. Ironically, tin can be toxic and if used to make a pipe, could have negative health effects.[6], although aluminum has been linked to Alzheimer's disease[7]. But, marijuana has also been found to slow the progression of said disease[8]The tinny is made by taking a length of aluminum foil, about the length of a pen or around 5 1/2" long, and about 4" wide. This strip is then wrapped around a pen or pencil or some other cylindrical object with a similar diameter. The top flap of foil can then be taped down if necessary. The tube formed only requires one more step to become a usable pipe. Whatever object used to make tube is then inserted one end abut 1/2" then pivoted upwards. This creates the bowl. The person making the pipe can then inhale through the pipe and adjust the crease of the bowl to let in more or less air. Carb holes can be added but is most often left out. This piece is often favored by users because it is made entirely out of one material.
The tinny is operated the same as any other pipe. The cannabis is packed in the bowl, the user puts their mouth around the un-bent end of the tube, ignite the marijuana and inhale. The carb hole (if added) would then be released to clear the tube, if no hole is present the user can just inhale the remaining smoke after the hit.
[edit] Water bottle Bong
The Water bottle Bong is a homemade water bong. It is constructed out of a water bottle (hence the name), a hollowed out pen tube and again, some aluminum foil. The water bottle is first emptied and the cap removed. Then a small hole is placed near the bottom of the bottle, about 3 inches up from the bottom. The hollowed out pen tube is inserted into this hole so about 2" of the tube is inside the bottle. It is usually at a 30° angle to the bottle. If this hole is not air tight things like, teflon tape ('pipe-tight'), chewed gum, and clay can be wrapped around the pen tube at its base. Then, basically a small 'tinny' is slid over the pen tube to make the bowl. Then tube of this smaller tinny must not let out any air. A carb hole is then poked in the side of the bottle (opposite the bowl) above the water line, this can be any size almost. The final step is to fill the water bottle with water so that the part of the pen tube inside the bottle is about an inch underwater.
This bong operates the same as any other. The user puts their mouth in or around the top of the bottle, their finger or hand over the carb, ignites the marijuana in the bowl, hits, releases the carb, and inhales that smoke as well. Also just like any other bong, the water must be replaced often as it becomes dirty.
[edit] Soda can bowl
Just like the 'tinny' and 'steamroller' the Soda can Bowl is a homemade pipe. The pipe itself is constructed entirely from a soda can, and is even less complicated then the 'tinny'. All a user has to do is take an empty soda can, remove the tab, hold the can horizontally with the mouth on the bottom, create a dent in the top of the can, poke a few small holes in the dent, and finally make a carb hole of whatever size desired on the side of the can, which is done with another hole (and this last step is optional). The holes can be poked with a ripped in half can tab. It should be noted that using an aluminum can as an improvised smoking device can be hazardous to a user's health, due to the low melting point of aluminum, and the fumes given off by both it and the paint used on the can.[5][6]
The 'tinny', 'steamroller' and this pipe all operate the same way: place cannabis in the dent (bowl), place finger over carb hole, put mouth in front of can mouth, ignite while inhaling, release carb, inhale even more.
This type of bowl is very popular due to easy access to material and easy construction, but as stated earlier, smoking out of an aluminum can may have negative effects on the mind, and other problems could arise from the ink used to label the can or from plastic coatings that may be present.
[edit] Smell-O-Scope
Though not used for the actual smoking of cannabis, the Smell-O-Scope can be used to partially mask the smell of the exhaled smoke. It is constructed by simply stuffing a few dryer sheets, or facial tissues dampened with perfume, into an empty roll of toilet paper or paper towels. When exhaled through the Smell-O-Scope, the smoke takes with it the scent of the dryer sheets used, producing a pleasant - although still partially smokey - smell. The Smell-O-Scope is know by other names, often varying by region.
[edit] Rolled
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Many smokers prefer to roll the cannabis inside paper or a tobacco leaf, achieving an effect similar to a cigar or cigarette.
[edit] Joint
A joint is created by rolling up cannabis, either manually or with a rolling machine, into a cigarette-like product. Standard sized papers for joints are 70mm (standard size), 79mm (1 & 1/4 size) , and 110mm (1 & 1/2 size).
If a joint is smoked until it almost begins to burn the fingers of the user, the result is often referred to as a "roach". Tweezers or a specially-designed pair of "roach clips" may then be used to continue smoking. Some smokers prefer to empty the roach into a bowl or other pipe-like device rather than continue to smoke the roach as if it were a joint.
In many areas, rolled-up bits of business cards or otherwise weak cardstock are ripped into small pieces and used as a "splint" or a '"crutch". While these fail to remove many (if any) harmful toxins, they do allow for more of the cannabis in a joint to be used, and the joint will typically 'hit' better. Splints are sometimes mistakenly referred to as 'filters'. However, commonplace cigarette filters are rarely used, as they are less common in a smoking environment, in addition to the fact that tobacco filters cut out a significant amount of THC.[citation needed]
[edit] Blunt
A "blunt" is a method for smoking marijuana in which the marijuana is smoked inside a tobacco leaf obtained from the outer layer of a cigar.
There are three main methods for producing blunts. The first method is to hollow out the interior of a pre-made cigar and fill it with cannabis. The second method is to rip or cut the cigar lengthwise from end to end, after which the contents are discarded and the wrapping rerolled like a new cigar. The third method is to buy cigar paper (commonly referred to as a wrap) which can come in a variety of flavors, and roll it like a joint.
The term "blunt" may have originally referred to a type of cigar, the Phillie Blunt, which has become highly popular for creating marijuana blunts.[citation needed] Users should note that cigar wrapper leaf contains addictive nicotine (see "Mixing with tobacco", below).
[edit] Shotgun
A shotgun (also known as a shotty, brainer, charge,powerhit, super, or blowback) can have many meanings, but most commonly refers to one user taking a "hit" of a blunt or joint, turning it around so the lit end is inside the mouth, and blowing the hit out through the blunt/joint into the mouth of another user, who sucks it in. A "Stinger" has the same concept except smoke is inhaled through the nasal passage.
With a single-toke utensil (one-hitter)the first user can finish the toke, turn the instrument around, cup mouth around the crater-head, and blow air steadily through to a partner who sucks from the mouthpiece. This method works well on a low supply, because two people both get the effects from one hit.
[edit] Mixing with tobacco and other herbs
Often cannabis is combined with tobacco (also known as "spinning" or "webacco") or other smokable herbs, such as hops flowers or peppermint leaf, prior to smoking. When cannabis is mixed with tobacco to roll a joint it is known as a spliff. This may be done to enhance the flavor; to make a small amount of cannabis last longer by "cutting" it with another substance; or in the case of other psychoactive herbs, to increase and/or modify the effects on the user. It is more common in Europe and the middle east than in the Americas. For some users cannabis mixed with tobacco has an instant and more intense effect than smoking cannabis by itself. At least one source has suggested that the practice of mixing tobacco with cannabis can lead to nicotine dependence.[9]
[edit] Hot-boxing, hot-bonnet
The act of "Hot-Boxing" (a.k.a. "fishbowling") is to smoke (or vaporize) marijuana in a confined setting, i.e. a car or very small room or even one's shirt. The exhaled smoke builds up inside the car or room and can then be inhaled instead of taking a hit. (This also makes that environment fairly warm, hence the name.) When using a shirt to hot-box, the smoker takes a hit from whatever he/she is smoking, pulls the collar of their shirt above the nose, and repeatedly exhales and inhales that smoke for a minute or two. A one-liter plastic sack or paper bag may be substituted. This smoking method helps conserve cannabis, as the lingering smoke does hold more as yet unabsorbed THC to be rebreathed instead of taking further hits.
[edit] Double toke
Drawtube of a single-toke utensil (one-hitter) divides to permit two users to draw simultaneously. A regular loading is burned (25 mg.) and each partner draws twice as slow. Because one-half as much heat is delivered per partner per serving, this is especially mild, and extra tokes can be served.
[edit] Health effects
Reports decreased gas exchange capacity and the existence of particle residue in the lungs of marijuana smokers several times greater than for tobacco smokers.[10] These findings, however, may have been exaggerated. In both studies, smoked marijuana was not "cured" or filtered, while smoked tobacco was; modern vaporizers were not yet available. Tashkin et al. notes that, "these differences could largely account for more than twofold greater tar yield from marijuana than tobacco that was measured using syringe-simulated puffs of similar volume and duration." Smoking cannabis through a water-pipe may filter out water soluble carcinogens and will also greatly cool down the smoke. Also, cannabis need not be smoked: In Middle Eastern countries, it has been consumed through teas and food for centuries, avoiding the carcinogenicity of smoke altogether.
Despite cannabis' suspected negative effects to lung function, there has never been a reported case of lung cancer. Tobacco, though, is expected to kill 5,400,000 people (worldwide) this year.[11] The question has been raised as to why there are not thousands of cases reported of marijuana-related cancers, given its widespread use.
[edit] References
| This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2008) |
- ^ Verhoeckx KC, Korthout HA, van Meeteren-Kreikamp AP, Ehlert KA, Wang M, van der Greef J, Rodenburg RJ, Witkamp RF (2006-04-06). "Unheated Cannabis sativa extracts and its major compound THC-acid have potential immuno-modulating properties not mediated by CB1 and CB2 receptor coupled pathways". International Immunopharmacology. PMID 16504929.
- ^ United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (2006), World Drug Report, 1, pp. 187-192, ISBN 92-1-148214-3, <http://www.unodc.org/pdf/WDR_2006/wdr2006_chap2_annex1.pdf>. Retrieved on 22 November 2007
- ^ DI Abrams, et.al. (2007). "Vaporization as a Smokeless Cannabis Delivery System: A Pilot Study". Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 82 full text (pdf).
- ^ "Cannabis use in a drug and alcohol clinic population", McBride A. J. 1994
- ^ Put that in your pipe and smoke it: a traveler's guide to smoking pot in New Zealand
- ^ Element Tin: Health effects on Adrenals, Depression & Fatigue
- ^ Can Aluminum Cause Alzheimer's Disease? by Melvyn R. Werbach, M.D. Senile dementia is a progressive degenerative brain disease associated with old age. Its symptoms include sh...
- ^ More Evidence Suggests Marijuana Slows Alzheimer's | LiveScience
- ^ Australian Government Department of Health: National Cannabis Strategy Consultation Paper, page 4. "Cannabis has been described as a 'Trojan Horse' for nicotine addiction, given the usual method of mixing cannabis with tobacco when preparing marijuana for administration."
- ^ [Tashkin et al.] (1990)
- ^ Press Conference On World Health Organization Report On Global Tobacco Epidemic
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