Hainanhua Pinyin Fang'an

Chinese language    General Chinese    Singapore Mandarin For Standard Mandarin     EFEO     Gwoyeu Romatzyh     Hanyu Pinyin     Latinxua Sinwenz     Lessing-Othmer     Mandarin Phonetic Symbols II     Postal System Pinyin     Tongyong Pinyin     Wade-Giles ...

Including:

• Wade-Giles - History
• Wade-Giles - One symbol-multiple sounds
• Wade-Giles - One sound-multiple symbols
• Wade-Giles - Precision with empty rime
• Wade-Giles - Partial interchangeability of uo and e with o
• Wade-Giles - Punctuation
• Wade-Giles - Other differences with Pinyin
• Wade-Giles - Influences

Read more here: » Wade-Giles: Encyclopedia - Wade-Giles

Chinese language    General Chinese    Singapore Mandarin For Standard Mandarin     EFEO     Gwoyeu Romatzyh     Hanyu Pinyin     Latinxua Sinwenz     Lessing-Othmer     Mandarin Phonetic Symbols II     Postal System Pinyin     Tongyong Pinyin     Wad ...

Including:

• Yale romanization - Mandarin
• Yale romanization - Cantonese
  • Yale romanization - Initials
  • Yale romanization - Finals
  • Yale romanization - Tones
  • Yale romanization - Examples
• Yale romanization - Korean
• Yale romanization - Japanese
• Yale romanization - External link

Read more here: » Yale romanization: Encyclopedia - Yale romanization

Chinese language    General Chinese    Singapore Mandarin For Standard Mandarin     EFEO     Gwoyeu Romatzyh     Hanyu Pinyin     Latinxua Sinwenz     Lessing-Othmer     Mandarin Phonetic Symbols II     Postal System Pinyin     Tongyong Pinyin     Wade-Giles
Including:

• Pinyin - Pronunciation
  • Pinyin - Initials
  • Pinyin - Finals
• Pinyin - Rules given in terms of English pronunciation
  • Pinyin - Pronunciation of initials
  • Pinyin - Pronunciation of finals
• Pinyin - Orthographic features
• Pinyin - Tones
  • Pinyin - Rules for placing the tone mark
• Pinyin - Miscellanea
• Pinyin - Pinyin in Taiwan
• Pinyin - Other languages
• Pinyin - Controversy
• Pinyin - Accessibility note

Read more here: » Pinyin: Encyclopedia - Pinyin

The standardized phonology of Standard Mandarin is reproduced below. Actual reproduction varies widely among speakers, as everyone (including national leaders) inadvertently introduces elements of his/her own native dialect. By contrast, television and radio announcers are usually chosen for their pronunciation accuracy. Below is the phonology of Standard Mandarin. Standard Mandarin - Initials. The following is the initial inventory of Standard Mandarin as represente ...

See also:

Standard Mandarin, Standard Mandarin - History, Standard Mandarin - Phonology, Standard Mandarin - Initials, Standard Mandarin - Finals, Standard Mandarin - Tones, Standard Mandarin - Romanization, Standard Mandarin - Standard Mandarin and Beijing dialect, Standard Mandarin - Standard Mandarin and other dialects, Standard Mandarin - Accents, Standard Mandarin - Role of standard Mandarin

Read more here: » Standard Mandarin: Encyclopedia II - Standard Mandarin - Phonology

The scheme for Standard Cantonese is outlined in "The Cantonese Transliteration Scheme" (Simplified Chinese: 《广州话拼音方案》; Traditional Chinese: 《廣州話拼音方案》; Hanyu Pinyin: Guǎngzhōuhuà Pīnyīn Fāng'àn). It is referred to as the Canton Romanization on the LSHK character database. Although not as popular as other Cantonese romanization schemes such as Yale, Standard Cantonese Pinyin Schemes and Jyutping, it is still used in certain publications, particularly in works released in the People's Republic of China regarding Cantonese. ...

See also:

Guangdong Romanization, Guangdong Romanization - Cantonese, Guangdong Romanization - Initials, Guangdong Romanization - Finals, Guangdong Romanization - Tones, Guangdong Romanization - Examples, Guangdong Romanization - Teochew, Guangdong Romanization - Hakka, Guangdong Romanization - Hainanese, Guangdong Romanization - Reference

Read more here: » Guangdong Romanization: Encyclopedia II - Guangdong Romanization - Cantonese

Korean Yale was developed by Samuel E. Martin and his colleagues at Yale University, and is still used today, although mainly by linguists, among whom it has become the standard romanization for the language. The Yale system places primary emphasis on showing a word's morphophonemic structure. This distinguishes it from the other two widely used systems for romanizing Korean, the Revised Romanization of Korean and McCune-Reischauer. These two usually provide the pronunciation for an entire word, but the morphophonemic elements account ...

See also:

Yale romanization, Yale romanization - Mandarin, Yale romanization - Cantonese, Yale romanization - Initials, Yale romanization - Finals, Yale romanization - Tones, Yale romanization - Examples, Yale romanization - Korean, Yale romanization - Japanese, Yale romanization - External link

Read more here: » Yale romanization: Encyclopedia II - Yale romanization - Korean

Based on the earlier and complex Gwoyeu Romatzyh, the tentative version of MPS II was released on May 10, 1984 by the Ministry of Education. After two years of feedback from the general public, the official version was established on January 28, 1986. To distinguish Zhuyin from the Mandarin Phonetic Symbols II ("Mandarin Zhuyin Symbols II"), the first Zhuyin is officially called "Mandarin Phonetic Symbols I" (國語注音符號第一式). Despite its official status for over two decades until it was replaced by Tongyong Pinyin in 2000 ...

See also:

Mandarin Phonetic Symbols II, Mandarin Phonetic Symbols II - History, Mandarin Phonetic Symbols II - Features

Read more here: » Mandarin Phonetic Symbols II: Encyclopedia II - Mandarin Phonetic Symbols II - History

Since the founding of modern Singapore in 1819 and with large numbers of migrants predominantly from Southern China, Chinese placenames began to enter local vocabulary in place of traditionally Malay-based names mostly given by the Orang Laut communities. These names, however, are usually referred to in the dialects of whichever group accords that place a certain name, with some places having entirely different names for the same feature. In most places, h ...

See also:

Chinese language romanisation in Singapore, Chinese language romanisation in Singapore - Place names, Chinese language romanisation in Singapore - Person's names

Read more here: » Chinese language romanisation in Singapore: Encyclopedia II - Chinese language romanisation in Singapore - Place names

Romanized GC has distinct symbols for the onsets (many of them digraphs, and a few trigraphs) and the rimes distinguished by any of the control dialects. For example, it retains the final consonants p, t, k, and the distinction between final m and n, as these are found in several modern dialects. GC also maintains the "round-sharp" distinction, such as sia vs. hia, though those are both xia in Beijing Mandarin. It also indic ...

See also:

General Chinese, General Chinese - Character-based GC, General Chinese - Romanized GC, General Chinese - GC vs. traditional characters, General Chinese - Reference

Read more here: » General Chinese: Encyclopedia II - General Chinese - Romanized GC

These phonetic symbols sometimes appear as ruby characters printed next to the Chinese characters in young children's books, and in editions of classical texts (which frequently use characters that appear at very low frequency rates in newspapers and other such daily fare). In advertisements, these phonetic symbols are sometimes used to write certain particles (e.g., ㄉ instead of 的); other than this, one seldom sees these symbols used in mass media adult publications except as a pronunciation guide (or index system) in dictionary entries ...

See also:

Zhuyin, Zhuyin - History, Zhuyin - Keyboard layout, Zhuyin - Symbol origins, Zhuyin - Uses, Zhuyin - Writing, Zhuyin - Zhuyin vs. Tongyong Pinyin & Hanyu Pinyin

Read more here: » Zhuyin: Encyclopedia II - Zhuyin - Uses

The romanized words are normally pronounced in a somewhat anglicized way, with the following characteristics which are different than what the above discussion on spelling might indicate: Hong Kong Government Cantonese Romanisation - Initial consonants. The letters p, t, k, plus the combinations kw and ts, are normally aspirated as per English; some English speakers in Hong Kong (including radio announcers) may choose to pronounce them unaspirated if the original Cantonese sounds are known to be unas ...

See also:

Hong Kong Government Cantonese Romanisation, Hong Kong Government Cantonese Romanisation - Usage, Hong Kong Government Cantonese Romanisation - Spelling, Hong Kong Government Cantonese Romanisation - Consonants, Hong Kong Government Cantonese Romanisation - Vowels diphthongs and syllabic consonants, Hong Kong Government Cantonese Romanisation - Pronunciation in English, Hong Kong Government Cantonese Romanisation - Initial consonants, Hong Kong Government Cantonese Romanisation - Final consonants, Hong Kong Government Cantonese Romanisation - Vowels diphthongs and consonants

Read more here: » Hong Kong Government Cantonese Romanisation: Encyclopedia II - Hong Kong Government Cantonese Romanisation - Pronunciation in English

Cantonese like other Chinese languages is monosyllabic. Each syllabus is divided into initial (consonant), final (vowel and following consonant) and tone. S. L. Wong phonetic symbols - Finals. Chinese phonology traditionally stresses on finals because it is related to rhymes in the composition of poems, proses and articles. There are 53 finals in Standard Cantonese. The 10 basic vowel phoneme symbols [a], [ɐ], [ei], [ɛ], [i], [ou], [ɔ], [œ], [u] and [y] in the scheme mean following: ...

See also:

S. L. Wong phonetic symbols, S. L. Wong phonetic symbols - Phonology, S. L. Wong phonetic symbols - Finals, S. L. Wong phonetic symbols - Initials, S. L. Wong phonetic symbols - Tones, S. L. Wong phonetic symbols - See Also, S. L. Wong phonetic symbols - Reference

Read more here: » S. L. Wong phonetic symbols: Encyclopedia II - S. L. Wong phonetic symbols - Phonology

The standardized phonology of Standard Mandarin is reproduced below. Actual reproduction varies widely among speakers, as everyone (including national leaders) inadvertently introduces elements of his/her own native dialect. By contrast, television and radio announcers are usually chosen for their pronunciation accuracy. Below is the phonology of Standard Mandarin. Standard Mandarin - Initials. The following is the initial inventory of Standard Mandarin as represente ...

See also:

Standard Mandarin, Standard Mandarin - History, Standard Mandarin - Phonology, Standard Mandarin - Initials, Standard Mandarin - Finals, Standard Mandarin - Tones, Standard Mandarin - Romanization, Standard Mandarin - Grammar, Standard Mandarin - Standard Mandarin and Beijing dialect, Standard Mandarin - Standard Mandarin and other dialects, Standard Mandarin - Accents, Standard Mandarin - Role of standard Mandarin

Read more here: » Standard Mandarin: Encyclopedia II - Standard Mandarin - Phonology

The Wade-Giles system was designed to transliterate Chinese terms for Chinese specialists. This origin has led to a general sense that the system is non-intuitive for non-specialists and not useful for teaching Chinese pronunciation. The Republic of China has used Wade-Giles for decades as the de facto standard, co-existing with several official but obscure Romanizations in succession, namely, Gwoyeu Romatzyh (1928), MPS II (1986), and Tongyong Pinyin (2000). Taiwanese placenames in international use have still been virtually all in W ...

See also:

Wade-Giles, Wade-Giles - History, Wade-Giles - One symbol-multiple sounds, Wade-Giles - One sound-multiple symbols, Wade-Giles - Precision with empty rime, Wade-Giles - Partial interchangeability of uo and e with o, Wade-Giles - Punctuation, Wade-Giles - Other differences with Pinyin, Wade-Giles - Influences

Read more here: » Wade-Giles: Encyclopedia II - Wade-Giles - History

Standard Cantonese Pinyin and the Yale romanization system represent Cantonese pronunciations with the same letters in: The initials: b, p, m, f, d, t, n, l, g, k, ng, h, s, gw, kw, w. The vowel: aa (except when using alone), a, e, i, o, u. The nasal consonant: m, ng. The coda: i (except of being the coda [y] in Yale), < ...

See also:

Standard Cantonese Pinyin, Standard Cantonese Pinyin - Pinyin System, Standard Cantonese Pinyin - Initials, Standard Cantonese Pinyin - Finals, Standard Cantonese Pinyin - Tones, Standard Cantonese Pinyin - Compare with Yale Romanization, Standard Cantonese Pinyin - Compare with Jyutping, Standard Cantonese Pinyin - Examples

Read more here: » Standard Cantonese Pinyin: Encyclopedia II - Standard Cantonese Pinyin - Compare with Yale Romanization

Tongyong Pinyin - Spelling. Notable features of Tongyong Pinyin are: Hanyu zh becomes jh (Wade-Giles uses ch). Hanyu x and q are completely unused in Tongyong Pinyin, they become s and c (Wade-Giles uses hs and ch') before front vowel (i and e), but sy and cy before yu (to avoid confusion with su and cu). The Hanyu i not represented in Zhuyin -- the empty rime (空é ...

See also:

Tongyong Pinyin, Tongyong Pinyin - History, Tongyong Pinyin - Features, Tongyong Pinyin - Spelling, Tongyong Pinyin - Punctuation, Tongyong Pinyin - Adoption and Criticism

Read more here: » Tongyong Pinyin: Encyclopedia II - Tongyong Pinyin - Features

The Pinyin system also incorporates suprasegmental phonemes to represent the four tones of Mandarin. Each tone is indicated by a diacritical mark above a non-medial vowel. Many books printed in China mix fonts, with vowels with tone marks rendered in a different font than the surrounding text, a practice that tends to give such Pinyin texts a typographically ungainly appearance. This style, most likely rooted in early technical limitations, has led many to believe that Pinyin's rules call for this practice and also for the use of "See also:

Pinyin, Pinyin - Pronunciation, Pinyin - Initials, Pinyin - Finals, Pinyin - Rules given in terms of English pronunciation, Pinyin - Pronunciation of initials, Pinyin - Pronunciation of finals, Pinyin - Orthographic features, Pinyin - Tones, Pinyin - Rules for placing the tone mark, Pinyin - Miscellanea, Pinyin - Pinyin in Taiwan, Pinyin - Other languages, Pinyin - Controversy, Pinyin - Accessibility note

Read more here: » Pinyin: Encyclopedia II - Pinyin - Tones

Korean Yale was developed by Samuel E. Martin and his colleagues at Yale University, and is still used today, although mainly by linguists, among whom it has become the standard romanization for the language. The Yale system places primary emphasis on showing a word's morphophonemic structure. This distinguishes it from the other two widely used systems for romanizing Korean, the Revised Romanization of Korean and McCune-Reischauer. These two usually provide the pronunciation for an entire word, but the morphophonemic elements account ...

See also:

Yale Romanization, Yale Romanization - Mandarin, Yale Romanization - Cantonese, Yale Romanization - Initials, Yale Romanization - Finals, Yale Romanization - Tones, Yale Romanization - Examples, Yale Romanization - Korean, Yale Romanization - Japanese, Yale Romanization - External link

Read more here: » Yale Romanization: Encyclopedia II - Yale Romanization - Korean

In addition, for purposes of appearance and clarity, some vowels (all i, u, and sometimes e and o) occurring at the beginning of syllable in tones three and four should be replaced or preceded by another letter, provided that there will still be vowel left in the syllable and the changed syllable does not become identical with another. i and e can be replaced or preceded by a y u and o< ...

See also:

Gwoyeu Romatzyh, Gwoyeu Romatzyh - History, Gwoyeu Romatzyh - Segmental features, Gwoyeu Romatzyh - Tonal rules, Gwoyeu Romatzyh - Cosmetic changes, Gwoyeu Romatzyh - Rhotacization, Gwoyeu Romatzyh - Exceptions

Read more here: » Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Encyclopedia II - Gwoyeu Romatzyh - Cosmetic changes

Tones are indicated using diacritic marks. Of the entering tones, only the middle entering tone is indicated, while the upper entering and lower entering are merged with the upper even and lower even tones. 番 ...

See also:

Standard Romanization Cantonese, Standard Romanization Cantonese - Initials, Standard Romanization Cantonese - Finals, Standard Romanization Cantonese - Tones, Standard Romanization Cantonese - Reference

Read more here: » Standard Romanization Cantonese: Encyclopedia II - Standard Romanization Cantonese - Tones