Hyoscyamine

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Hyoscyamine

Systematic (IUPAC) name
(8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-3-yl) 3-hydroxy-2-phenyl-propanoate
Identifiers
CAS number	101-31-5
ATC code	A03BA03
PubChem	3661
DrugBank	APRD00607
ChemSpider	10246417
Chemical data
Formula	C17H23NO3
Mol. mass	289.375 g/mol
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability	50% Protein binding
Metabolism	Hepatic
Half life	3–5 hrs.
Excretion	Urine
Therapeutic considerations
Pregnancy cat.	C
Legal status	Prescription only (US)
Routes	Oral, Injection
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Hyoscyamine, is a tropane alkaloid and the levorotary isomer to atropine. It is a secondary metabolite found in certain plants of the Solanaceae family, including henbane (Hyoscyamus niger), mandrake (Mandragora officinarum), jimsonweed (Datura stramonium), and deadly nightshade (Atropa belladonna).

Brand names for hyoscyamine include Symax, HyoMax, Anaspaz, Buwecon, Cystospaz, Levsin, Levbid, Levsinex, Donnamar, NuLev, Spacol T/S, Buscopan (containing the derivative hyoscine-N-butylbromide), Hyospasmol (also hyoscine-N-butylbromide) and Neoquess.

Contents 1 Uses 1.1 Side effects 2 Pharmacology 3 Isolation 4 References

[edit] Uses

Hyoscyamine is used to provide symptomatic relief to various gastrointestinal disorders including spasms, peptic ulcers, irritable bowel syndrome, pancreatitis, colic and cystitis. It has also been used to relieve some heart problems, control some of the symptoms of Parkinson's disease, as well as for control of respiratory secretions in palliative care.^[1] It may be useful in pain control for neuropathic pain treated with opioids as it increases the level of analgesia obtained. Several mechanisms are thought to contribute to this effect. The closely related drugs atropine and scopolamine and other members of the anticholinergic drug group like cyclobenzaprine, trihexyphenidyl, and orphenadrine are also used for this purpose. When hyoscyamine is used along with opioids or other anti-peristaltic agents, measures to prevent constipation are especially important given the risk of paralytic ileus.

[edit] Side effects

Side effects include dry mouth and throat, eye pain, blurred vision, restlessness, dizziness, arrythmia, flushing, and faintness. An overdose will cause headache, nausea, vomiting, and central nervous system symptoms including disorientation, hallucinations, euphoria, sexual arousal, short-term memory loss, and possible coma in extreme cases. Some people can experience transient combativeness. The euphoric and sexual effects are stronger than those of atropine but weaker than those of scopolamine, as well as dicycloverine, orphenadrine, cyclobenzaprine, trihexyphenidyl, ethanolamine antihistamines like phentyltoloxamine and the like.^{[citation needed]}

[edit] Pharmacology

Hyoscyamine is an anticholinergic, specifically an antimuscarinic, working by blocking the action of acetylcholine at parasympathetic sites in smooth muscle, secretory glands and the CNS; increases cardiac output, dries secretions, and antagonizes serotonin. At comparable doses, hyoscyamine has 98 per cent of the anticholinergic power of atropine and the other major belladonna-derived drug scopolamine having 92 per cent of the antimuscarinic potency of atropine.^{[citation needed]}

[edit] Isolation

Hyoscyamine can be extracted from plants of the Solanaceae family, notably Datura stramonium. Empirically it is C₁₇H₂₃NO₃. Its structural name is α-(hydroxymethyl)-, 8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-3-yl ester, [3(S)-endo]-1αH,5αH-Tropan-3α-ol.

[edit] References

v • d • e Ancient anaesthesia Plants/animals Aconite • Argyreia speciosa • Castoreum • Cannabis • Coca • Deadly nightshade • Henbane • Lactucarium • Mandrake • Metel nut • Opium • Poison hemlock • Saussurea • Toloatzin • Willow People Abulcasis • Avenzoar • Avicenna • Celsus • Dioscorides • Galen • Hippocrates • Rhazes • Sabuncuoğlu • Sushrutha • Theophrastus • Zhang Compounds Aconitine • Δ9-THC • Atropine • Cocaine • Coniine • Hyoscyamine • Morphine • Salicylate • Scopolamine

v • d • e Drugs for functional gastrointestinal disorders (A03) Drugs for functional bowel disorders Antimuscarinics Tertiary amino group Oxyphencyclimine · Camylofin · Mebeverine · Trimebutine · Rociverine · Dicycloverine · Dihexyverine · Difemerine · Piperidolate Quaternary ammonium compounds Benzilone · Mepenzolate · Pipenzolate · Glycopyrronium · Oxyphenonium · Penthienate · Methantheline · Propantheline · Otilonium bromide · Tridihexethyl · Isopropamide · Hexocyclium · Poldine · Bevonium · Diphemanil · Tiemonium iodide · Prifinium bromide · Timepidium bromide · Fenpiverinium Phosphodiesterase inhibitors Papaverine · Drotaverine · Moxaverine Acting on serotonin receptors 5-HT3 antagonists (Alosetron, Cilansetron) · 5-HT4 agonists (Mosapride, Prucalopride, Tegaserod) Other Fenpiprane · Diisopromine · Chlorbenzoxamine · Pinaverium · Fenoverine · Idanpramine · Proxazole · Alverine · Trepibutone · Isometheptene · Caroverine · Phloroglucinol · Silicones · Trimethyldiphenylpropylamine Belladonna and derivatives (antimuscarinics) tertiary amines: Atropine · Hyoscyamine quaternary ammonium compounds: Scopolamine (Butylscopolamine, Methylscopolamine) · Methylatropine · Fentonium · Cimetropium bromide Propulsives primarily dopamine antagonists (Metoclopramide/Bromopride, Clebopride, Domperidone, Alizapride) · 5-HT4 agonists (Cinitapride · Cisapride) digestive system: anat of tract,glands,perit,diaphragm/physio/dev, noncongen/congen/congen of d+w/neoplasia, symptoms+signs/eponymous, proc, meds:A (1/2A/2B/3/4/5/6/7/8/10/11/12/14/16)

v • d • e Hallucinogens Psychedelics 5-HT2AR Agonists Lysergamides: AL-LAD • ALD-52 • BU-LAD • CYP-LAD • DAM-57 • Diallyllysergamide • Ergometrine (Ergonovine, Ergobasine) • ETH-LAD • LAE-32 • LSA (Ergine, Lysergamide) • LSD • LSH • LPD-824 • LSM-775 • Lysergic Acid 2-Butyl Amide • Lysergic Acid 2,4-Dimethylazetidide • Methylergometrine • Methylisopropyllysergamide • Methysergide • MLD-41 • PARGY-LAD • PRO-LAD; Phenethylamines: Aleph • 2C-B • 2C-B-FLY • 2CBFly-NBOMe • 2C-C • 2C-D • 2C-E • 2C-F • 2C-G • 2C-I • 2C-N • 2C-O • 2C-O-4 • 2C-P • 2C-T • 2C-T-2 • 2C-T-4 • 2C-T-7 • 2C-T-8 • 2C-T-9 • 2C-T-13 • 2C-T-15 • 2C-T-17 • 2C-T-21 • 2C-TFM • 2C-YN • 2CBCB-NBOMe • 25B-NBOMe • 25I-NBMD • 25I-NBOH • 25I-NBOMe • 3C-E • 3C-P • Br-DFLY • DESOXY • DMMDA • DMMDA-2 • DOB • DOC • DOEF • DOET • DOF • DOI • DOM • DON • DOPR • DOTFM • Escaline • Ganesha • HOT-2 • HOT-7 • HOT-17 • Isoproscaline • Jimscaline • Lophophine • MDA • MDEA • MDMA • MMDA • MMDA-2 • MMDA-3a • MMDMA • Macromerine • Mescaline • Methallylescaline • Proscaline • TCB-2 • TFMFly • TMA; Piperazines: pFPP • TMFPP; Tryptamines: 1-Methyl-5-methoxy-diisopropyltryptamine • 2,N,N-TMT • 4,N,N-TMT • 4-HO-5-MeO-DMT • 4-Acetoxy-DET • 4-Acetoxy-DIPT • 4-Acetoxy-DMT • 4-Acetoxy-DPT • 4-Acetoxy-MiPT • 4-HO-DPT • 4-HO-MET • 4-Propionyloxy-DMT • 4-Hydroxy-N-Methyl-(α,N-trimethylene)tryptamine • 5-Me-MIPT • 5-N,N-TMT • 5-AcO-DMT • 5-MeO-2,N,N-TMT • 5-MeO-4,N,N-TMT • 5-MeO-α,N,N-TMT • 5-MeO-α-ET • 5-MeO-α-MT • 5-MeO-DALT • 5-MeO-DET • 5-MeO-DIPT • 5-MeO-DMT • 5-MeO-DPT • 5-MeO-EiPT • 5-MeO-MET • 5-MeO-MIPT • 5-Methoxy-N-methyl-(α,N-trimethylene)tryptamine • 7,N,N-TMT • α,N,N-TMT • α-ET • α-MT • AL-37350A • Baeocystin • Bufotenin • DBT • DET • DIPT • DMT • DPT • EiPT • Ethocin • Ethocybin • Iprocin • MET • Miprocin • MIPT • Norbaeocystin • PiPT • Psilocin • Psilocybin;Others: AL-38022A • Ibogaine • Noribogaine • Voacangine Dissociatives NMDAR Antagonists Adamantanes: Amantadine • Memantine • Rimantadine; Arylcyclohexylamines: Dieticyclidine • Esketamine • Eticyclidine • Gacyclidine • Ketamine • Neramexane • Phencyclidine • Rolicyclidine • Tenocyclidine • Tiletamine; Morphinans: Dextromethorphan • Dextrorphan • Methorphan (Racemethorphan) • Morphan (Racemorphan);Others: 2-MDP • 8A-PDHQ • Aptiganel • Dexoxadrol • Dizocilpine (MK-801) • Etoxadrol • Ibogaine • Midafotel • NEFA • Nitrous Oxide • Noribogaine • Perzinfotel • Remacemide • Selfotel • Xenon Deliriants mAChR Antagonists 3-Quinuclidinyl benzilate • Atropine • Benactyzine • Benzatropine • Benzydamine • Biperiden • Brompheniramine • CAR-226,086 • CAR-301,060 • CAR-302,196 • CAR-302,282 • CAR-302,368 • CAR-302,537 • CAR-302,668 • Chlorpheniramine • Chloropyramine • Clemastine • CS-27349 • Cyclizine • Cyproheptadine • Dicyclomine (Dicycloverine) • Dimenhydrinate • Diphenhydramine • Ditran • Doxylamine • EA-3167 • EA-3443 • EA-3580 • EA-3834 • Elemicin • Flavoxate • Hydroxyzine • Hyoscyamine • Meclizine • Myristicin • N-Ethyl-3-piperidyl benzilate • N-Methyl-3-piperidyl benzilate • Pyrilamine • Orphenadrine • Oxybutynin • Pheniramine • Phenyltoloxamine • Procyclidine • Promethazine • Scopolamine (Hyoscine) • Tolterodine • Trihexyphenidyl • Tripelennamine • Triprolidine • WIN-2299 Miscellaneous Atypicals Cannabinoids CB1R Agonists Cannabinol • CP-47,497 • CP-55,244 • CP-55,940 • DMHP • HU-210 • JWH-018 • JWH-030 • JWH-073 • JWH-081 • JWH-200 • JWH-250 • Nabilone • Nabitan • Nantradol • Parahexyl • THC (Dronabinol) • WIN-55,212-2 Inhalants Mixed MOA Acetone • Butane • Chloroform • Diethyl Ether (Ether) • Enflurane • Freon • Gasoline (Petrol) • Kerosene (Paraffin) • Propane Narcotics ?OR Agonists 2-EMSB • 2-MMSB • Alazocine • Bremazocine • Butorphanol • Cyclazocine • Cyprenorphine • Dezocine • Enadoline • Herkinorin • HZ-2 • Ibogaine • Ketazocine • Metazocine • Nalbuphine • Nalorphine • Noribogaine • Pentazocine • Phenazocine • Salvinorin A • Spiradoline • Tifluadom • U-50488 Tranquilizers GABAAR Agonists Eszopiclone • Gaboxadol • Ibotenic Acid • Muscimol • Zaleplon • Zolpidem • Zopiclone Others Efavirenz • Glaucine • Isoaminile • Narcotine (Noscapine)

v • d • e Cholinergics Receptor Ligands mAChR Agonists: 77-LH-28-1 • AC-42 • AC-260,584 • Aceclidine • Acetylcholine • AF30 • AF150(S) • AF267B • AFDX-384 • Alvameline • AQRA-741 • Arecoline • Bethanechol • Butyrylcholine • Carbachol • CDD-0034 • CDD-0078 • CDD-0097 • CDD-0098 • CDD-0102 • Cevimeline • cis-Dioxolane • Ethoxysebacylcholine • LY-593,039 • L-689,660 • LY-2,033,298 • McNA343 • Methacholine • Milameline • Muscarine • NGX-267 • Ocvimeline • Oxotremorine • PD-151,832 • Pilocarpine • RS86 • Sabcomeline • SDZ 210-086 • Sebacylcholine • Suberylcholine • Talsaclidine • Thiopilocarpine • Vedaclidine • VU-0029767 • VU-0090157 • VU-0152099 • VU-0152100 • VU-0238429 • WAY-132,983 • Xanomeline • YM-796 Antagonists: 3-Quinuclidinyl Benzilate • 4-DAMP • Anisodamine • Anisodine • Atropine • Atropine Methonitrate • Benactyzine • Benzatropine (Benztropine) • Benzydamine • BIBN 99 • Biperiden • Bornaprine • CAR-226,086 • CAR-301,060 • CAR-302,196 • CAR-302,282 • CAR-302,368 • CAR-302,537 • CAR-302,668 • CS-27349 • Cyclobenzaprine • Cyclopentolate • Darifenacin • DAU-5884 • Dimethindene • Dexetimide • DIBD • Dicyclomine (Dicycloverine) • Ditran • EA-3167 • EA-3443 • EA-3580 • EA-3834 • Elemicin • Etanautine • Etybenzatropine (Ethylbenztropine) • Flavoxate • Himbacine • HL-031,120 • Ipratropium • J-104,129 • Hyoscyamine • Mamba Toxin 3 • Mamba Toxin 7 • Mazaticol • Mebeverine • Methoctramine • Metixene • Myristicin • N-Ethyl-3-Piperidyl Benzilate • N-Methyl-3-Piperidyl Benzilate • Orphenadrine • Otenzepad • Oxybutynin • PBID • PD-102,807 • Phenglutarimide • Phenyltoloxamine • Pirenzepine • Piroheptine • Procyclidine • Profenamine • RU-47,213 • SCH-57,790 • SCH-72,788 • SCH-217,443 • Scopolamine (Hyoscine) • Solifenacin • Telenzepine • Tiotropium • Tolterodine • Trihexyphenidyl • Tripitamine • Tropatepine • Tropicamide • WIN-2299 • Zamifenacin; Others: 1st Generation Antihistamines (Brompheniramine • Chlorpheniramine, Cyclizine, Cyproheptadine, Dimenhydrinate, Diphenhydramine, Doxylamine, Hydroxyzine, Meclizine, Mepyramine/Pyrilamine, Phenindamine, Pheniramine, Tripelennamine, Triprolidine, etc) • Tricyclic Antidepressants (Amitriptyline, Doxepin, Trimipramine, etc) • Tetracyclic Antidepressants (Amoxapine, Maprotiline, etc) • Typical Antipsychotics (Chlorpromazine, Thioridazine, etc) • Atypical Antipsychotics (Clozapine, Olanzapine, Quetiapine, etc) nAChR Agonists: 5-HIAA • A-84,543 • A-366,833 • A-582,941 • A-867,744 • ABT-202 • ABT-418 • ABT-560 • ABT-894 • Acetylcholine • Altinicline • Anabasine • AR-R17779 • Butyrylcholine • Carbachol • Cotinine • Cytisine • Decamethonium • Desformylflustrabromine • Dianicline • Dimethylphenylpiperazinium • Epibatidine • Epiboxidine • Ethoxysebacylcholine • EVP-4473 • EVP-6124 • Galantamine • GTS-21 • Ispronicline • Lobeline • MEM-63,908 (RG-3487) • Nicotine • NS-1738 • PHA-543,613 • PHA-709,829 • PNU-120,596 • PNU-282,987 • Pozanicline • Rivanicline • Sazetidine A • Sebacylcholine • SIB-1508Y • SIB-1553A • SSR-180,711 • Suberylcholine • TC-1698 • TC-1734 • TC-1827 • TC-2216 • TC-5214 • TC-5619 • TC-6683 • Tebanicline • Tropisetron • UB-165 • Varenicline • WAY-317,538 • XY-4083 Antagonists: 18-Methoxycoronaridine • α-Bungarotoxin • α-Conotoxin • Alcuronium • Anatruxonium • Atracurium • Bupropion (Amfebutamone) • Chandonium • Chlorisondamine • Cisatracurium • Coclaurine • Coronaridine • Dacuronium • Decamethonium • Dextromethorphan • Dextropropoxyphene • Dextrorphan • Diadonium • DHβE • Dimethyltubocurarine (Metocurine) • Dipyrandium • Dizocilpine (MK-801) • Doxacurium • Duador • Esketamine • Fazadinium • Gallamine • Hexafluronium • Hexamethonium (Benzohexonium) • Ibogaine • Ketamine • Kynurenic Acid • Levacetylmethadol • Malouetine • Mecamylamine • Memantine • Methadone • Methorphan (Racemethorphan) • Methyllycaconitine • Metocurine • Mivacurium • Morphanol (Racemorphanol) • Neramexane • Pancuronium • Pempidine • Pentamine • Pentolinium • Phencyclidine • Pipecuronium • Radafaxine • Rapacuronium • Rocuronium • Surugatoxin • Suxamethonium (Succinylcholine) • Toxiferine • Trimethaphan • Tropeinium • Tubocurarine • Vecuronium Reuptake Inhibitors Plasmalemmal CHT Inhibitors Hemicholinium-3 (Hemicholine) Vesicular VAChT Inhibitors Vesamicol Enzyme Inhibitors Anabolism ChAT Inhibitors 1-(-Benzoylethyl)pyridinium • 2-(α-Naphthoyl)ethyltrimethylammonium • 3-Chloro-4-stillbazole • 4-(1-Naphthylvinyl)pyridine • Acetylseco Hemicholinium-3 • Acryloylcholine • AF64A • B115 • BETA • CM-54,903 • N,N-Dimethylaminoethylacrylate • N,N-Dimethylaminoethylchloroacetate Catabolism AChE Inhibitors Reversible: Carbamates: Aldicarb • Bendiocarb • Bufencarb • Carbaryl • Carbendazim • Carbetamide • Carbofuran • Chlorbufam • Chloropropham • Ethienocarb • Ethiofencarb • Fenobucarb • Fenoxycarb • Formetanate • Furadan • Ladostigil • Methiocarb • Methomyl • Miotine • Oxamyl • Phenmedipham • Pinmicarb • Pirimicarb • Propamocarb • Propham • Propoxur; Stigmines: Ganstigmine • Neostigmine • Phenserine • Physostigmine • Pyridostigmine • Rivastigmine; Others: Ambenonium • Donepezil • Edrophonium • Galantamine • Huperzine A (Huperzia Serrata) • Minaprine • Tacrine • Zanapezil Irreversible: Organophosphates: Acephate • Azinphos-Methyl • Bensulide • Cadusafos • Chlorethoxyfos • Chlorfenvinphos • Chlorpyrifos • Chlorpyrifos-Methyl • Coumaphos • Cyclosarin (GF) • Demeton • Demeton-S-Methyl • Diazinon • Dichlorvos • Dicrotophos • Diisopropyl Fluorophosphate (Guthion) • Diisopropylphosphate • Dimethoate • Dioxathion • Disulfoton • EA-3148 • Echothiophate • Ethion • Ethoprop • Fenamiphos • Fenitrothion • Fenthion • Fosthiazate • GV • Isofluorophate • Isoxathion • Malaoxon • Malathion • Methamidophos • Methidathion • Metrifonate • Mevinphos • Monocrotophos • Naled • Novichok Agent • Omethoate • Oxydemeton-Methyl • Paraoxon • Parathion • Parathion-Methyl • Phorate • Phosalone • Phosmet • Phostebupirim • Phoxim • Pirimiphos-Methyl • Sarin (GB) • Soman (GD) • Tabun (GA) • Temefos • Terbufos • Tetrachlorvinphos • Tribufos • Trichlorfon • VE • VG • VM • VR • VX; Others: Demecarium • Onchidal (Onchidella Binneyi) BChE Inhibitors Many of the acetylcholinesterase inhibitors listed above act as butyrylcholinesterase inhibitors. Others Precursors Choline (Lecithin) • Citicoline • Dimethylethanolamine (DMAE; Deanol) • Glycerophosphocholine • Phosphatidylcholine • Phosphatidylethanolamine • Phosphorylcholine • Pirisudanol Cofactors Acetic Acid • Acetyl-L-Carnitine • Acetyl-Coenzyme A • Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic Acid, Pantethine, Pantetheine, Panthenol) Others Acetylcholine Releasing Agents: α-Latrotoxin • β-Bungarotoxin; Acetylcholine Release Inhibitors: Botulinum Toxin (Botox); Acetylcholinesterase Reactivators: Pralidoxime • obidoxime